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Hybrid Event
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| Invited Lecture |
Đorđe Krivokapić (Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia)
Legal Definitions of AI Systems: Insights from the AI Act |
| Papers and Presentations |
G. Riccio (Università di Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy)
Tort Rules and Regulatory Sandboxes: The Influence of the National Jurisdictions 
In the legal framework governing regulatory sandboxes, the AI Act devotes only a single paragraph to non-contractual liability, stating that European and national rules apply to providers. However, this choice opens potential scenarios for diverging applications by national courts on the liability of the conducts within the sandbox, which should be considered in light of the different legal models of the single Member States, and which could jeopardize the harmonization process. Furthermore, considering the applicable regulations, consideration should also be given to the proposal to amend the Product Liability Directive, which includes AI systems within its scope. This proposal leans toward a strict liability model or a framework where, through the reversal of the burden of proof, fault plays a limited role, as seen in the proposed AI Liability Directive. The present paper suggests that, in the case of regulatory sandboxes, fault-based liability should apply during the experimental phase in order to not to discourage a developing market and to allow newcos without significant financial investments to access the experimental phase.
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I. Kanceljak (Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia)
Unlocking the Right to Repair: Legal Instruments and Obstacles to Implementation
The right to repair, as outlined in the European Green Deal and accompanying circular economy action plan, represents a key focus in achieving sustainability. On the one hand, the right to repair can be viewed as an aspirational principle aimed at meeting the goals of the European Green Deal. By enforcing the right to repair, certain goals would have been met such as reduced waste while owners could use the products they purchased in line with their legitimate expectations. However, in this idealized form, the right to repair is challenging to implement. This is evident from recent European legal instruments that result from various compromises.
The purpose of this presentation is to explain which legal sources regulate the right to repair and how they do so. In particular, it focuses on Directive (EU) 2024/1799 on common rules promoting the repair of goods and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directives (EU) 2019/771 and (EU) 2020/1828. Additionally, the presentation aims to highlight certain obstacles to the realization of the right to repair. These obstacles can be non-legal, such as consumer behavior, or legal, such as issues related to intellectual property rights. All these obstacles prevent the right to repair from being realized in its full sense.
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V. Rekrutiak (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic)
Jurisdiction in the Digital Age with the Focus on Quantum Computing
Jurisdiction in the digital age has evolved from clear territorial boundaries in the mainframe era to the legal uncertainty of distributed computing. This paper examines how existing jurisdictional principles apply to such revolutionary phenomenon as quantum computing. It discusses key factors for determining jurisdiction, for instance, the location of quantum hardware or the location of data. Defining which law should be applied to quantum involves addressing the unique characteristics of these technologies. Considering the early stage of quantum development, rather than advocating for new rules, the article examines the current landscape, analysing how governments, international institutions, and private firms deal with quantum sovereignty, access limits, and regulatory methods. The aim is to provide an overview of the current state of discussion around quantum regulation, the institutional efforts determining its future and evaluate the extent to which territorial jurisdiction is viable in the era of quantum computing. The motivation for the research is driven by the rapidly developing field of these technologies and the necessity to investigate the effectiveness and adaptability of existing legal and ethical principles.
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M. Hren (Faculty of Law, Zagreb, Croatia)
NFTs as Negotiable Instruments: Croatian and EU Perspectives
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a technology most often linked to art and collectibles, yet their potential and possibilities extend far beyond these domains. A sizeable group of scholars believes that NFTs represent the future of web3, largely due to their ability to certify and preserve uniqueness and non-fungibility in an online environment where almost everything can typically be copied without limit. Given the current scope of the NFT market and its potential for growth, these tokens should be contemplated and regulated within forthcoming web3 legislation. One particularly important area where NFTs intersect with the legal framework is contract law. There has already been some progress in this field, and this paper focuses on developments from the Croatian perspective. The concept of tokenization, frequently associated with non-fungible tokens, is reminiscent of an older phenomenon: the negotiable instrument, which is effectively a document embodying certain individual right, that can be transferred from one individual to another. My argument is that NFTs qualify as negotiable instruments (Cro. vrijednosni papiri) because their characteristics align with the legal requirements for such instruments. Moreover, I argue that NFTs can be seamlessly incorporated into the existing legal system under the current definition of negotiable instruments.
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M. Stilinović (Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia)
Payment Tokens in the Succession Law
Tokens are a specific category of digital assets and their diversity, value and significance for the economy continuously grows. Considering their legal nature, tokens are digital representations of a certain right or value incorporated in a form of dataset on the distributed ledgers (DLT). The subtype of tokens often called payment tokens are in the scope of the analysis – these tokens have their intrinsic fluctuating value and can be used for bartering (such as bitcoin). Even though they are widely used in commerce, their civil law status is unclear. In the absence of rules regulating their status, it is necessary to analyse them in the context of general civil law rules to determine whether they could be an object of a subjective rights. Specifically, in this context, it is analysed whether the payment tokens belonging to a deceased person can be a part of the estate and, consequently, whether the heirs (as well as other persons) could obtain and exercise any rights over these assets.
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T. Szadeczky (Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary), G. Szoke (University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary)
Legal Challenges of Confidentiality and Publicity in the View of Information Security in Hungary
The paper analyses the issues of confidentiality and publicity arising from current information security legislation in Hungary, especially of Act No. LXIX of 2024 on Hungary’s Cybersecurity. First of all, information security as a state task is analyzed. In Hungary, information security controls of state and local government entities, and important private companies are regulated. Afterward, information security as a tool for data protection regulation, state secrets, and freedom of information was discussed. On the other hand, information security can be an object of the law, when the protection of security controls is required. One of the main findings of the research was that the information security controls applied at state entities are generally public data (according to freedom of information regulation). Thus it might not stay confidential.
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N. Mike (Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary)
Implications of Cumulative Micro-Decisions and Group-Level Privacy
The SCHUFA rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) underscore an evolving interpretation of Article 22 GDPR, particularly in relation to the cumulative impacts of automated micro-decisions and the emergence of group-level privacy concerns. This presentation interrogates the potential regulatory and jurisprudential extension of protections under Article 22 to encompass incremental algorithmic determinations that, while individually minor, collectively exert significant effects on individuals’ opportunities and societal structures.
The analysis highlights how algorithmic processes such as dynamic pricing and personalized content curation accumulate to shape outcomes that may escape traditional definitions of significant individual impact. In parallel, the notion of group-level privacy gains traction as systems increasingly target demographic profiles, imposing collective disadvantages that reinforce socio-economic stratification. These developments raise critical questions about the adequacy of existing legal frameworks to address diffuse and distributed harms in automated decision-making.
Finally, the presentation points out the tension between expanding transparency and explainability requirements to address these cumulative and group-level effects and preserving the commercial viability of AI-driven business models. The findings underscore the need for nuanced regulatory approaches that reconcile the imperatives of fairness, accountability, and innovation while ensuring the survival of pioneer business models.
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N. Gumzej (Faculty of Law, Zagreb, Croatia)
Ignored Signals: Algorithmic Inaction and the Duty to Act under the Digital Services Act
Findings from recent research indicate that Meta Platforms is failing to meet obligations under the Digital Services Act (DSA) with respect to animal cruelty content on Facebook. Although platform rules prohibit violent or sadistic treatment of animals, such material remains accessible and is frequently amplified by platform algorithms. Content is often mischaracterised as affectionate or harmless, while enforcement responses remain inconsistent and limited.
Research highlights systemic shortcomings in moderation processes, risk assessment procedures and transparency obligations on the platform, including the absence of relevant enforcement records in the DSA Transparency Database. Meta promotes the Oversight Board as a central mechanism for content moderation and user redress, yet the Board lacks regulatory standing under the DSA, handles only a negligible number of cases and does not provide timely and/or accessible remedies.
The analysis presented demonstrates that current measures on the platform do not meet the requirement to anticipate and reduce foreseeable harms under the DSA, including psychological risks to vulnerable users. It sets out targeted legal and technical reforms, which directly address identified enforcement failures. These include contextual moderation, hashing of removed material to prevent reposting and implementation of algorithmic accountability mechanisms. Each measure is designed to strengthen regulatory compliance and ensure effective execution of relevant platform obligations under the DSA.
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S. Yilmaz (Santa Anna Health Science and Technology, Pisa, Italy)
Patient Asks to AI: Is there Anybody there? Patient- Centered AI Approach and Human Oversight
Patient- centered AI and its design means to AI system that prioritize human needs, values and capabilities. Furthermore, patient-centered AI systems shall be designed to allow for human oversight and control throughout the entire interaction process. Patient values, preferences, and capacity data, when used for patient-centered artificial intelligence systems, will present a high risk. On the one hand, this mechanism, which aims to strengthen the patient's health and prioritize their happiness, will be trained with a large amount of personal data. The data scale is very diverse. For patient preferences, data such as treatment preferences, end-of-life preferences, desire to participate in the decision-making process, confidentiality preferences, moral, religious, financial values, physical and emotional capacity will be used to train the AI system. This study examines patient-centered AI systems through the lens of high-risk artificial intelligence, emphasizing the necessity of a human oversight mechanism to ensure that the patient receives high-quality patient-centered service while the system is supervised by a human, and highlighting the need for human element oversight and supervision in diagnosis and treatment. Within the scope of the EU AI Act specifically Article 14 (Human Oversight) under the high-risk category, the risks facing patients and recommendations will be discussed. It touches on the necessity of the coexistence of the Patient-Centered AI mechanism and the Human Oversight mechanism, and in this context also sheds light on the contradictions between a patient-centered AI system and a human oversight mechanism. In this context, due to the possibility that the patient-centered AI mechanism can be added to medical devices, it is an extension, and it is a part of a software, it has also been evaluated together with the Medical Devices Regulation.
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R. Polcak (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic)
Enforcing the AI Act - An Institutional-Normative Challenge
Institutional normative theory is deemed to be the youngest of core ontological legal theories. It is based on a rather simple and obvious assumption that law can exist (be valid in the philosophical sense) only if it represents a substantive matter of relevant institutional activity. A good example of this theory being valid is the situation in personal data protection, where the form and intensity of the existence of respective legal rules still vary hugely and mostly depend on the capabilities and motivation of respective DPAs. The paper will analyse the current situation in the member states regarding the institutional assignment of new competencies according to the AI Act and examine critical elements of institutional validity of the new regulation of AI in the EU member states.
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P. Loutocký, V. Stupka, F. Kasl (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic)
Certification of the EU Digital Identity Wallets and its Challenges in the Era of AI
The EU Digital Identity Wallets represents a pivotal step in the European Union's efforts to establish secure, interoperable, and user-centric digital identity solutions. The contribution is aimed at identifying and proposing suitable mitigation for the main legal challenges related to the implementation of this new solution to establish a secure and interoperable digital identity. Certification is considered a crucial process to ensure compliance especially with privacy and security regulations. The approach based on national certification schemes, as mandated by the European Commission, is likely to lead to diverse interpretations of standards and adequate security measures. Fragmentation of the cybersecurity certification schemes, pursuant to framework established under the Cybersecurity Act, would likely limit their utilisation across EU. Moreover, the relentless progress towards adoption of innovative AI solutions leads us to consider potential future role of AI with regard to the digital identity verification processes. In the contribution, we assess the above-stated challenges for the design of EU Digital Identity Wallet certification schemes and propose suitable mitigation strategy.
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M. Milenković (Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia), G. Vojković (University North, Koprivnica, Croatia)
Implementation of Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 in Higher Education in the Republic of Croatia
The introduction of the revised Regulation (EU) 2024/1183, known as eIDAS 2.0, represents a key step in harmonising digital identity across the European Union. This regulation mandates Member States to implement the European Digital Identity Wallet, enabling citizens and businesses to securely and easily prove their identity, store documents, and access services across borders. This paper analyses the legislative, technical, and organisational aspects of implementing eIDAS 2.0 in the Croatian higher education system, with particular emphasis on adapting existing information systems that facilitate access to various academic resources and services, as well as other services requiring stakeholder identification. The paper also proposes improvements to business processes within the higher education system in the Republic of Croatia to eliminate the current mandatory printing and signing of documents for authentication purposes under existing regulation, and to enhance the overall digital identity model. The paper identifies key challenges, including ensuring a high level of personal data protection, user acceptance, and interoperability of academic systems, and provides recommendations for effectively addressing these challenges.
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M. Milenković, L. Pacek , E. Rožić (Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia)
Challenges of Implementing Fully Autonomous Trams in the City of Zagreb - From the Passenger Perspective
This paper explores the passenger perspective regarding implementing an autonomous tram system in the capital of the Republic of Croatia (further: Croatia). The research will utilize a survey questionnaire to capture the opinions of potential end-users/passengers of autonomous tram transport. The introduction of autonomous trams promises to enhance passenger experience, and operational efficiency through the expansion and automation of infrastructure and vehicles, higher safety levels, and environmental sustainability. However, it also presents a range of technical, legal, and social challenges. Through analysing passenger attitudes, key factors such as trust in system safety, trust in autonomous systems, acceptance of new technologies, and the impact on service efficiency and quality will be identified and analyzed. A primary prerequisite for the implementation of autonomous transport systems in Croatia is the alignment of the Road Transport Act (NN 114/22) and the Road Traffic Safety Act (NN 133/23) with the responsibilities of all stakeholders (e.g., software and hardware manufacturers, service providers, etc.). The paper particularly emphasizes the analysis of end-user opinions, the necessity of daily public education, and the adaptation of the legal framework. Additionally, it highlights the importance of testing autonomous technologies in real-world conditions to enable end-users to familiarize themselves with autonomous systems in everyday traffic, thereby facilitating the acceptance of upgrades in road transport.
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K. Šolić, I. Jurić (Medicinski fakultet Osijek, Osijek, Croatia), B. Herceg Pakšić (Pravni fakultet Osijek, Osijek, Croatia)
The Use of AI in Healthcare: Students' Opinions on Ethical Considerations, Legal Consequences, and Future Implications
AI in healthcare systems irrefutably improves medical practice and patient care but raises ethical, technical, legal, and societal challenges.
This empirical study examined medical students' attitudes toward AI in healthcare, its legal implications, and its future role. The hypothesis tested correlations between positive attitudes and concerns about legal consequences, ethical issues, and future expectations.
Data were collected via a nine-item Likert scale questionnaire, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," with additional demographic questions.
Examinees mostly agree, with statistical significance, that AI enhances diagnostic accuracy and improves healthcare systems. However, they are concerned about legal consequences and demand legal protection, while opinions on ethical issues are divided. No significant differences in responses were observed by gender, age, program, or year of study.
The hypothesis was confirmed. Positive future expectations significantly correlate with perceived legal protection needs and belief in ethical AI standards. Additionally, a weak correlation exists between viewing AI in medicine as ethical and supporting legal protection for healthcare professionals.
Study showed that medical students recognize the potential of AI and emphasize the necessity of integrating legal and ethical education into medical curricula to prepare future healthcare professionals for the evolving role of AI in medicine.
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T. Ramljak (Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Osijek, Croatia, Croatia), L. Vejmelka (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Law, Zagreb, Croatia), R. Matković (Institute for public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Split, Croatia), M. Rajter (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Law, Zagreb, Croatia)
EXPLOITED ONLINE: Sending Self-generated Sexual Material and Sextortion of Children in Croatia and Serbia
This paper presents findings from large-scale national research on self-generated explicit material and sextortion among high school students in Croatia and Serbia. The study, conducted as part of the deShame Croatia and deShame Serbia projects, involved randomly selected samples of 2,016 students in Croatia and 2,095 students in Serbia. Results indicate excessive daily internet use, with over 40% of students in both countries maintaining multiple active social media profiles, a potential indicator of risky online interactions. Alarmingly, a significant percentage of students reported sending self-generated sexual content under pressure or coercion, highlighting the prevalence of sextortion. These findings underscore the urgent need for evidence-based preventive programs and policy reforms to address online exploitation and protect children and young people.
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M. Klarić (Faculty of Law, University of Split, Split, Croatia)
The Role of the Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Reduction of Social Complexity
Implementation of AI technology solutions is one of the most significant challenges in contemporary society. Smart digital technology influences on many aspects of economic, political and social life, and contributes to development of various products and services in public and private sector. The implementation of AI technology, as advanced type of smart digital solutions, open new challenges in application and daily using of digital services, which are actively implemented in public. These questions are determined with complexity and unpredictability of AI technology, which depends on social, economic and political context of implementation. Some of negative aspects of AI implementations are possibility of distortion of social reality in virtual space, manipulation with digital information, possibility of data abuse and other aspects related with data manipulation. Positive aspects are possibility of simultaneously execution different tasks or performing several digital operations. The AI implementation open possibility of simultaneously analysis and synthesis of various social, political and economic relations, because of the advantage of AI technology, which allows overcoming biological limitations of natural intelligence. The advantage AI technology is in possibility of simultaneous monitoring of various social contacts, presentation the current situation and proposing possible solutions based on actual relations in society. The paper will analyze possibility implementation of AI technology in the reduction of social complexity in modern society.
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T. Čičić, T. Ramljak, I. Ćaleta (Centar za nestalu i zlostavljanu djecu, Osijek, Croatia)
Pravni okvir gaminga u Europskoj uniji
Video igre, kao važan dio suvremene digitalne ekonomije i kulture, privlače milijune korisnika diljem Europske unije, postavljajući pitanja o odgovarajućoj zaštiti igrača. S obzirom na složene modele zarade, poput mikrotransakcija i loot kutija, kao i na interaktivne te često vrlo intenzivne sadržaje, potreba za učinkovitim pravnim okvirom postaje ključna. Pravni okvir EU-a za zaštitu igrača obuhvaća područja poput zaštite privatnosti, odgovornosti za digitalni sadržaj i regulacije poslovnih praksi. Unatoč tome što su neki aspekti regulacije djelom općih načela za internetske platforme, video igre predstavljaju specifične izazove koji zahtijevaju ciljane mjere. Iako postoje značajni napori u regulaciji, brzo napredujuća industrija video igara nameće izazove u pogledu prilagodbe zakonodavstva i njegove primjene. Harmonizacija pravila među državama članicama i uvođenje jasnijih standarda za zaštitu igrača i dalje su ključna pitanja. Ovaj pregledni rad ispituje postojeći pravni okvir i nudi temelje za daljnju raspravu o njegovom razvoju i unaprjeđenju.
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G. Brkić, V. Zelić Ferenčić (Ministarstvo pravosuđa, uprave i digitalne transformacije, Zagreb , Croatia)
Probacijska virtualna realnost: edukacija i rehabilitacija
Nove tehnologije su na velika vrata ušle ne samo u područje tehničkih i primijenjenih znanosti nego i u područje društvenih znanosti. Virtualna realnost, kao jedan od modaliteta novih tehnologija, najčešće se primjenjuje u području zabave, obrazovanja te zdravstva, dok istraživanja u navedenim područjima ukazuju na mogućnosti značajnije primjene u području rehabilitacije i tretmanskog rada s počiniteljima kaznenih djela i stručnjacima u području rehabilitacije. Dosadašnja primjena virtualne realnosti ukazuje na brojne benefite primjene virtualne realnosti kako u području edukacije službenika tako i u području rehabilitacije i tretmanskog rada s osuđenicima. Najveća dobrobit virtualne realnosti upravo je percepcija ove metode kao alata za simulaciju različitih realnih situacija i te uvježbavanje ponašanja, u kontroliranim uvjetima uz izostanak različitih izvora rizika i negativnih posljedica, što je podjednako značajno i u edukaciji službenika i u tretmanskom radu s osuđenicima. U radu se prikazuju dosadašnja iskustva i rezultati evaluacije primjene virtualne realnosti u edukaciji probacijskih službenika te mogućnosti primjene iste u području tretmana i rehabilitacije počinitelja kaznenih djela uključenih u probaciju u promijeni njihova ponašanja i emocionalnog stanja u procesu rehabilitacije. Zaključno, u radu su, uz sve nedostatke i manjkavosti primjene ove tehnologije istaknute i prednosti njezina kombiniranja kao dodatnog alata u edukacijskom i tretmanskom radu.
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Basic information:
Chairs:
Ivana Kanceljak (Croatia), Tihomir Katulić (Croatia), Hrvoje Lisičar (Croatia)
Steering Committee:
Agnieszka Besiekierska (Poland), Nina Gumzej (Croatia), Marko Jurić (Croatia), Tihomir Katulić (Croatia), Đorđe Krivokapić (Serbia), Ivana Kunda (Croatia), Pavel Loutocky (Czech Republic), Romana Matanovac Vučković (Croatia), Nimród Mike (Hungary), Melita Milenković (Croatia), Hrvoje Stančić (Croatia), Lucija Vejmelka (Croatia), Goran Vojković (Croatia), Aleš Završnik (Slovenia)
Program Committee:
Marko Jurić (Croatia), Tihomir Katulić (Croatia), Hrvoje Lisičar (Croatia), Lucija Vejmelka (Croatia)
Registration / Fees:
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REGISTRATION / FEES
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Price in EUR
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EARLY BIRD
Up to 23 May 2025 |
REGULAR
From 24 May 2025 |
| Members of MIPRO and IEEE |
270 |
297 |
| Students (undergraduate and graduate), primary and secondary school teachers |
150 |
165 |
| Others |
300 |
330 |
The student discount doesn't apply to PhD students.
NOTE FOR AUTHORS: In order to have your paper published, it is required that you pay at least one registration fee for each paper. Authors of 2 or more papers are entitled to a 10% discount.
Contact:
Tihomir Katulic
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Law
Trg Republike Hrvatske 14
HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
E-mail: tkatulic@gmail.com
The best papers will get a special award.
Accepted papers will be published in the ISSN registered conference proceedings.
Location:
 Opatija is the leading seaside resort of the Eastern Adriatic and one of the most famous tourist destinations on the Mediterranean. With its aristocratic architecture and style, Opatija has been attracting artists, kings, politicians, scientists, sportsmen, as well as business people, bankers and managers for more than 180 years.
The tourist offer in Opatija includes a vast number of hotels, excellent restaurants, entertainment venues, art festivals, superb modern and classical music concerts, beaches and swimming pools – this city satisfies all wishes and demands.
Opatija, the Queen of the Adriatic, is also one of the most prominent congress cities in the Mediterranean, particularly important for its ICT conventions, one of which is MIPRO, which has been held in Opatija since 1979, and attracts more than a thousand participants from over forty countries. These conventions promote Opatija as one of the most desirable technological, business, educational and scientific centers in South-eastern Europe and the European Union in general.
For more details, please visit www.opatija.hr and visitopatija.com.
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